Dynamic Memory Allocation (malloc(), calloc(), and free()) in C Language

In C language, dynamic memory allocation is the process of allocating memory at runtime, as opposed to compile-time. This allows a program to acquire more memory as needed, rather than having a fixed amount of memory allocated at the beginning of the program. The standard library provides several functions for dynamic memory allocation:

1. malloc(size_t size): This function allocates a block of memory of the specified size (in bytes) and returns a pointer to the first byte of the block. If the allocation is successful, the pointer is guaranteed to be suitably aligned for any object type. If the allocation fails, malloc returns a null pointer.

Here's an example of how to use malloc to allocate memory for an array of integers:

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int* arr = (int*) malloc(10 * sizeof(int));

1. calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size): This function allocates a block of memory for an array of nmemb elements, each of size bytes, and returns a pointer to the first byte of the block. The memory is initialized to zero. If the allocation fails, calloc returns a null pointer.

Here's an example of how to use calloc to allocate memory for an array of integers:

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int* arr = (int*) calloc(10, sizeof(int));

1. free(void* ptr): This function frees the memory previously allocated by malloc or calloc. Once the memory is freed, the pointer is no longer valid, and attempting to access the memory can result in undefined behavior. It's important to note that you should only free memory that you have allocated dynamically, and not memory allocated by the program or memory on the stack.

Here's an example of how to use free to deallocate memory for an array of integers:

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int* arr = (int*) malloc(10 * sizeof(