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Lecture 129:- Abstraction In C++
Abstraction is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows you to hide complex implementation details while exposing only the essential features of an object. It provides a way to model real-world entities in a simplified manner, allowing you to focus on what an object does rather than how it does it. In C++, abstraction is achieved through the use of abstract classes and pure virtual functions.
Here's how abstraction is implemented in C++:
Abstract Classes: An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated directly and is meant to serve as a blueprint for other classes. It contains one or more pure virtual functions, which are virtual functions without a concrete implementation in the base class. Abstract classes define an interface that derived classes must implement.
cppCopy code
class Shape { public: virtual float area() const = 0; // Pure virtual function virtual float perimeter() const = 0; // Another pure virtual function }; class Circle : public Shape { private: float radius; public: Circle(float r) : radius(r) {} float area() const override { return 3.14 * radius * radius; } float perimeter() const override { return 2 * 3.14 * radius; } }; int main() { // Shape shape; // Error, cannot create an instance of an abstract class Circle circle(5); std::cout << "Area: " << circle.area() << std::endl; std::cout << "Perimeter: " << circle.perimeter() << std::endl; return 0; }
In the above example, the
Shape
class is an abstract class with two pure virtual functionsarea()
andperimeter()
. TheCircle
class is derived fromShape
and provides concrete implementations for the pure virtual functions.Abstraction allows you to create a common interface for different classes, promoting code reusability and helping you manage complexity.
Benefits of Abstraction:
- Simplification: Abstraction simplifies complex systems by focusing on essential features and ignoring irrelevant details.
- Encapsulation: Abstraction enforces encapsulation, allowing you to hide internal implementation details.
- Modularity: Abstract classes provide a clear separation of concerns, making your code modular and easier to maintain.
- Polymorphism: Abstraction allows you to work with objects of different classes through a common interface, promoting polymorphism.
By using abstraction, you create a higher level of understanding and organization in your code, making it more manageable and adaptable to changes.
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