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Operators, loops, and conditionals are fundamental concepts in programming that allow you to control the flow of a program, perform calculations, and make decisions based on specific conditions. Let's explore each of these concepts:
Operators:
- Arithmetic Operators: Perform basic arithmetic operations like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulo (%).
- Relational Operators: Compare two values and return a Boolean result (true or false) based on the comparison. Examples: == (equal to), != (not equal to), > (greater than), < (less than), >= (greater than or equal to), <= (less than or equal to).
- Logical Operators: Combine Boolean expressions and return true or false. Examples: && (logical AND), || (logical OR), ! (logical NOT).
- Assignment Operators: Assign values to variables. Examples: = (simple assignment), += (add and assign), -= (subtract and assign), *= (multiply and assign), /= (divide and assign), %= (modulo and assign).
Loops:
for
Loop: Executes a block of code a specified number of times.while
Loop: Repeats a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.do-while
Loop: Similar to thewhile
loop but guarantees that the code block executes at least once before checking the condition.break
Statement: Exits a loop prematurely.continue
Statement: Skips the rest of the loop body and proceeds to the next iteration.Conditionals:
if
Statement: Executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.else
Statement: Executes a block of code if the condition of theif
statement is false.else if
Statement: Allows for multiple conditions to be tested in sequence.- Ternary Operator (conditional operator): A shorthand way of writing an
if-else
statement in a single line.switch
Statement: Evaluates an expression and executes code blocks based on the expression's value.Example: C++ code demonstrating the use of operators, loops, and conditionals:
cppCopy code
#include <iostream> int main() { // Operators int num1 = 10, num2 = 5; int sum = num1 + num2; // Addition int difference = num1 - num2; // Subtraction int product = num1 * num2; // Multiplication int quotient = num1 / num2; // Division int remainder = num1 % num2; // Modulo // Loops for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl; } int i = 1; while (i <= 5) { std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl; i++; } i = 1; do { std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl; i++; } while (i <= 5); // Conditionals int age = 20; if (age >= 18) { std::cout << "You are an adult." << std::endl; } else { std::cout << "You are a minor." << std::endl; } int number = 10; std::cout << (number % 2 == 0 ? "Even" : "Odd") << std::endl; int choice = 2; switch (choice) { case 1: std::cout << "Option 1 selected." << std::endl; break; case 2: std::cout << "Option 2 selected." << std::endl; break; default: std::cout << "Invalid option." << std::endl; } return 0; }
Remember, operators, loops, and conditionals are essential building blocks in programming, and mastering them is crucial for writing efficient and robust code.
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