Lecture 21:- Operators, Loops & Conditionals

Operators, loops, and conditionals are fundamental concepts in programming that allow you to control the flow of a program, perform calculations, and make decisions based on specific conditions. Let's explore each of these concepts:

Operators:

• Arithmetic Operators: Perform basic arithmetic operations like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulo (%).
• Relational Operators: Compare two values and return a Boolean result (true or false) based on the comparison. Examples: == (equal to), != (not equal to), > (greater than), < (less than), >= (greater than or equal to), <= (less than or equal to).
• Logical Operators: Combine Boolean expressions and return true or false. Examples: && (logical AND), || (logical OR), ! (logical NOT).
• Assignment Operators: Assign values to variables. Examples: = (simple assignment), += (add and assign), -= (subtract and assign), *= (multiply and assign), /= (divide and assign), %= (modulo and assign).

Loops:

• for Loop: Executes a block of code a specified number of times.
• while Loop: Repeats a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
• do-while Loop: Similar to the while loop but guarantees that the code block executes at least once before checking the condition.
• break Statement: Exits a loop prematurely.
• continue Statement: Skips the rest of the loop body and proceeds to the next iteration.

Conditionals:

• if Statement: Executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.
• else Statement: Executes a block of code if the condition of the if statement is false.
• else if Statement: Allows for multiple conditions to be tested in sequence.
• Ternary Operator (conditional operator): A shorthand way of writing an if-else statement in a single line.
• switch Statement: Evaluates an expression and executes code blocks based on the expression's value.

Example: C++ code demonstrating the use of operators, loops, and conditionals:

cppCopy code

#include <iostream> int main() {    // Operators    int num1 = 10, num2 = 5;    int sum = num1 + num2; // Addition    int difference = num1 - num2; // Subtraction    int product = num1 * num2; // Multiplication    int quotient = num1 / num2; // Division    int remainder = num1 % num2; // Modulo    // Loops    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {        std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;    }    int i = 1;    while (i <= 5) {        std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;        i++;    }    i = 1;    do {        std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;        i++;    } while (i <= 5);    // Conditionals    int age = 20;    if (age >= 18) {        std::cout << "You are an adult." << std::endl;    } else {        std::cout << "You are a minor." << std::endl;    }    int number = 10;    std::cout << (number % 2 == 0 ? "Even" : "Odd") << std::endl;    int choice = 2;    switch (choice) {        case 1:            std::cout << "Option 1 selected." << std::endl;            break;        case 2:            std::cout << "Option 2 selected." << std::endl;            break;        default:            std::cout << "Invalid option." << std::endl;    }    return 0; }

Remember, operators, loops, and conditionals are essential building blocks in programming, and mastering them is crucial for writing efficient and robust code.